The perfect infinitive has the following structure: (to) have + past participle. For example: to have missed, to have written, to have worked, to have left etc. The perfect infinitive often refers to things that might have happened in the past:
You seem to have annoyed him
But perfect infinitive can also refer to something that will be completed at a point in the future:
We hope to have finished the car repair by the end of May.
A perfect infinitive is an infinitive in the form of “to have + past participle”. It is mainly used after some verbs to emphasize that something happened in the past.
She seems to be very optimistic.
She seems to have been very optimistic.
The perfect infinitive also appears in the passive voice:
He is supposed to have met the American president.
Mia is considered to have been the best manager of the company.
The perfect infinitive continuous is an infinitive in the form of “to have been + verb + ing”. It is used after some verbs to emphasize that something happened in a particular moment in the past.
He seems to have waited for a long time.
When I saw him, he seemed to have been waiting for somebody.
She pretended to have been reading, but in fact, she was listening to their conversation.
The passive infinitive is used in some constructions of the passive voice and is common after modal verbs. We use the passive infinitive when we want to focus on the receiver, or when we do not want to mention the agent (the person who does the action):
The carpet needs to be washed.
These doors should be shut at night.
He is going to be interviewed tomorrow.
The passive perfect infinitive form is used to talk about the past.
The corporation may have been sold last week.
We should have been told about the dangers.
The passive -ing form is used to express a continuous action.
I don’t like being cheated.
He remembers being given the
I don’t like being cheated.
He remembers being given the
A passive gerund is a verb with -ing ending in the passive voice. It may appear in one of two forms: present (e.g. being shown) and past (e.g. having been shown).
I remember being taken to the hospital.
I hate being spoken to as if I’m a child.
He showed no signs of having been warned.
The notice, having been written in small letters, was not clearly visible.
I remember being taken to the hospital.
I hate being spoken to as if I’m a child.
He showed no signs of having been warned.
The notice, having been written in small letters, was not clearly visible.
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