A participle clause contains either a present participle, e.g. seeing,a past participle, e.g. seen,or a perfect participle, e.g. having seen.
TIME CLAUSES
A) to replace a time clause to show that an action took place while another was already in progress.
Walking down the street on Saturday, I saw Simon. (replaces As/ When/ While I was walking)
B) to replace a time clause to indicate that the event in the subordinate clause comes immediately before the event in the main clause.
Raising their glasses, they wished Darren a happy birthday.
C) to emphasize that the event in the subordinate clause happened before the event in the main clause.
Having spent my money on a car, I couldn't afford a holiday.
RELATIVE CLAUSES
A) to replace a relative clause when we give more information about a person or thing.
The woman wearing the funny yellow hat is my cousin Jane (replaces who is wearing)
The plane, last used in World War II, is now a museum exhibit (replaces which was last used)
REASON/ RESULT
to show that the event in the main clause occurs because of the event in the subordinate clause. It can replace a reason clause.
Not understanding Tom's question, I was unable to give him an answer (replaces Because / Since I didn't understand)
Very often the event in the main clause is the result of the event in the subordinate clause.
Having spent my money on a car, I couldn't afford a holiday.
CONDITION
to replace a conditional clause
Washed at the wrong temperature, clothes can shrink (If they are washed at the wrong temperature, clothes can shrink)
NOTE The subject of the participle must also be the subject of the other verb. It is not possible to say Having a bath,the phone rang.
EXERCISES
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