Showing posts with label Grammar. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Grammar. Show all posts

9 Apr 2026

BOTH, EITHER AND NEITHER

 


We use 'either + a singular noun' to mean 'this one or that one' when we are talking about two things of the same kind (like two drinks or two t-shirts).
Either drink is fine. I like both kinds.
We could go to either restaurant.
Julie might buy either t-shirt.

We use 'neither + a singular noun'' to mean 'not this one and also not that one' when we are talking about two things of the same kind.
Neither drink is fine. John hates both of them.
Neither restaurant is good. Let's go somewhere else.

We use 'either of + plural noun' and 'neither of + plural noun' before a pronoun or a word like 'this' or 'the' or 'my'.
Either of my dresses is good. (= this dress is good and also that dress is good.)
Either of us can get the key.
Neither of my dresses will do. (both of my dresses are not good.)
Neither of us will be on time.

We can use 'either' and 'neither' on their own when we have already said the noun.
Which drink would you like? Either is fine.
Which cake do you want? Neither! I'm going to have an apple.

If we want to talk about two different things, we can use 'either + noun + or + noun'. We don't need to use 'of' in this case.
Either coffee or tea is fine.
We could use either blue paint or red paint.
She will buy either some apples or some oranges.

We can also use 'neither + noun + nor + noun'. This tells us about two negative ideas, but it's quite formal. It's more normal just to use 'not + or'.
I don't like coffee or tea.
I like neither coffee nor tea.

We can also use 'neither' at the beginning of a sentence or clause. It means 'also not'. We need to use inverted word order afterwards.
I'm not at home. Neither is John.

This is often used to answer someone.
A: I don't like coffee. B: Neither do I.

In an informal style we can use 'me neither'.
A: I don't like coffee. B: Me neither.

We use 'not... either' to mean the same thing, but we use normal word order.
A: I don't like coffee. B: I don't either.



Revision activities



EITHER ... OR/NEITHER...NOR

 


1.Either / or - used in a sentence in the affirmative sense when referring to a choice between two possibilities
We can either eat now or after the show - it's up to you.

2. Neither / nor - used in a sentence in the negative sense when you want to say that two or more things are not true

Neither my mother nor my father went to university.


When using either/or and neither/nor, note the following rules:

1. If both elements are singular, then the verb is singular too.
Either the father or the mother has to attend the meeting. (The nouns 'father' and 'mother' are singular; so the verb 'has' is singular too).

Neither Leila nor Nancy is going to write the report. ('Leila' and 'Nancy' are singular; so the verb ' is' is singular too).

2. However, if one of the elements is plural, then use a plural verb.
Either Sue or the girls are going to prepare dinner tonight. (The noun 'girls' is plural; so the verb 'are' is plural too).

Neither the teacher nor the students were in the classroom this morning. (The noun 'students' is plural; so the verb 'were' is plural too).


Revision activities


4 Apr 2025

A1 WEEKLY REVISION (1st- 4th April)


Homework:

P. 106-107.

p 108 1a, c, 2d. 


Would you like…?

We use Would you like…? for offers or invitations 
Would you like…? (= Do you want…?)
Would you like some cake? (=Do you want some cake?)
Would you like some coffee?
Would you like to go to the cinema? (=Do you want to go to the cinema?)


I’d like

 I’d like (=I would like)  (= I want)

I’d like some water, please. (=I want some water.)
I’d like more information about this product.
I’d like to go to the zoo. (=I want to go to the zoo.)
I’d like to have a lemonade.


Like

like + things or people (= these things or people are nice or good)
I like coffee. (=I think coffee is good.)
I like John. (=I think John is nice.)

We use like + -ing verb to say that we enjoy doing this
I like dancing. (=I enjoy dancing.)
I like going to the cinema. (=I enjoy going to the cinema.)

We use do in questions.

22 Nov 2024

A1 WEEKLY REVISION (18th-22th November)


Esta semana hemos continuado con la unidad 4. Vimos el vocabulario relativo a people, family y los possessive adjectives.  




Homework:

P. 44-45: Leer y escuchar 1d. Vocabulary 1f. Grammar 2b
P. 46-47: Grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, can you understand this text and can you understand these people?
P. 48-49: 2 a+b, 3 and 4.
P. 52: leer 1c, leer el texto en 2.

30 Apr 2024

RELATIVE CLAUSES


Defining Relative Clauses give detailed information defining a general term or expression. 

Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?
A seaman is someone who works on a ship.

Object pronouns in defining relative clauses can be dropped. 

The boy (who/whom) we met yesterday is very nice.

Non-defining relative clauses give additional information on something, but do not define it. 

Do you know the girl, who is talking to Tom?

Object pronouns in non-defining relative clauses must be used.
Jim, who/whom we met yesterday, is very nice.

How to Shorten Relative Clauses?

Relative clauses with who, which, that as subject pronoun can be replaced with a participle. This makes the sentence shorter and easier to understand.

I told you about the woman who lives next door. – I told you about the woman living next door.

Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof? – Do you see the cat lying on the roof?

EXERCISES

20 Apr 2023

USED TO, WOULD, BE/GET USED TO

 


When we talk about things that happened in the past but don’t happen anymore we can do it in different ways.

Used to
We used to live in New York when I was a kid.
There didn’t use to be a petrol station there. When was it built?

We can use ‘used to’ to talk about past states ….
I used to go swimming every Thursday when I was at school.
I used to smoke but I gave up a few years ago.

… or we can use ‘used to’ to talk about repeated past actions

Remember that ‘used to’ is only for past states/actions that don’t happen now – we can’t use it for things that still happen now. Also, ‘used to + infinitive’ should not be confused with ‘be/get used to + ‘ing’ form’ – this is covered in a separate section.

Would
Every Saturday I would go on a long bike ride.
My teachers would always say “Sit down and shut up!”

We can use ‘would’ to talk about repeated past actions.

Often either ‘would’ or ‘used to’ is possible. Both of these sentences are possible.
Every Saturday, I would go on a long bike ride.
Every Saturday I used to go on a long bike ride.

However, only ‘used to’ is possible when we talk about past states.
We used to live in New York when I was a kid.
We would live in New York when I was a kid.

Past simple
We went/used to go/would go to the same beach every summer.

We can use the past simple in the same way as ‘used to’ and ‘would’ to talk about repeated past actions.
I had/used to have a dog called Charlie.

We can also use the past simple for past states.
I went to Egypt in 1988.

However, if something happened only once we can’t use ‘used to’ or ‘would’ – we must use the past simple.


be used to and get used to

Be used to means 'be familiar with' or 'be accustomed to'.

She's used to the city now and doesn't get lost any more.
He wasn't used to walking so much and his legs hurt after the hike.
I'm a teacher so I'm used to speaking in public.

We use get used to to talk about the process of becoming familiar with something.

I'm finding this new job hard but I'm sure I'll get used to it soon.
It took my mother years to get used to living in London after moving from Pakistan.
I'm getting used to the noise now. I found it really stressful when I first moved in.

Be used to and get used to are followed by a noun, pronoun or the -ing form of a verb, and can be used about the past, present or future.

27 Mar 2023

PAST MODALS (DEDUCTION)

 


We can use modal verbs for deduction – guessing if something is true using the available information. The modal verb we choose shows how certain we are about the possibility. 


must have

We use must have + past participle when we feel sure about what happened.

Who told the newspapers about the prime minister's plans? It must have been someone close to him.
The thief must have had a key. The door was locked and nothing was broken.

might have / may have

We can use might have or may have + past participle when we think it's possible that something happened.


I think I might have left the air conditioning on. Please can you check?
Police think the suspect may have left the country using a fake passport.

May have is more formal than might have. Could have is also possible in this context but less common.

can't have / couldn't have

We use can't have and couldn't have + past participle when we think it's not possible that something happened.

She can't have driven there. Her car keys are still here.
I thought I saw Adnan this morning but it couldn't have been him – he's in Greece this week.

Revision

https://www.esl-lounge.com/student/grammar/4g3-modals-deduction-exercise.php

23 Mar 2023

PERFECT AND PASSIVE INFINITIVE AND THE -ING FORM

 


The perfect infinitive has the following structure: (to) have + past participle. For example: to have missed, to have written, to have worked, to have left etc. The perfect infinitive often refers to things that might have happened in the past:

You seem to have annoyed him

But perfect infinitive can also refer to something that will be completed at a point in the future:

We hope to have finished the car repair by the end of May.

A perfect infinitive is an infinitive in the form of “to have + past participle”. It is mainly used after some verbs to emphasize that something happened in the past.

She seems to be very optimistic.
She seems to have been very optimistic.

The perfect infinitive also appears in the passive voice:

He is supposed to have met the American president.
Mia is considered to have been the best manager of the company.

The perfect infinitive continuous is an infinitive in the form of “to have been + verb + ing”. It is used after some verbs to emphasize that something happened in a particular moment in the past.

He seems to have waited for a long time.
When I saw him, he seemed to have been waiting for somebody.
She pretended to have been reading, but in fact, she was listening to their conversation.

The passive infinitive is used in some constructions of the passive voice and is common after modal verbs. We use the passive infinitive when we want to focus on the receiver, or when we do not want to mention the agent (the person who does the action):

The carpet needs to be washed.
These doors should be shut at night.
He is going to be interviewed tomorrow.


The passive perfect infinitive form is used to talk about the past.


The corporation may have been sold last week.
We should have been told about the dangers.

The passive -ing form is used to express a continuous action.

I don’t like being cheated.
He remembers being given the 

A passive gerund is a verb with -ing ending in the passive voice. It may appear in one of two forms: present (e.g. being shown) and past (e.g. having been shown).

I remember being taken to the hospital.
I hate being spoken to as if I’m a child.

He showed no signs of having been warned.
The notice, having been written in small letters, was not clearly visible.